Java Note - 4: Date Time
Date-Time API
Through the java.time packages, Java 8 provides a comprehensive Date-Time API to work with date, time, and datetime. By default, most of the classes are based on the ISO-8601 standards. The main classes are
- Instant
- represents an instant on the timeline and it is suitable for machines, for example, as timestamps for event
LocalDate, LocalTime, LocalDateTime
- represents human readable date, time, and datetime without a time zone.
OffsetTime, OffsetDateTime
- It represent a time and datetime with a zone offset from UTC.
- It represent a time and datetime with a zone offset from UTC.
ZonedDateTime
- It represents a datetime for a time zone with zone rules, which will adjust the time according to the daylight saving time changes in the time zone.
- It represents a datetime for a time zone with zone rules, which will adjust the time according to the daylight saving time changes in the time zone.
ISO-8601 Standards for Datetime
- [date]T[time][zone offset]
- A date component consists of three calendar fields: year, month, and day. Two fields in a date are separated by a hyphen: year-month-day
- Epoch is Midnight January 1, 1970 UTC
Useful Datetime-Related Enums
- Month
- DayOfWeek
- ChronoField
- ChronoUnit
Period
A period is an amount of time defined in terms of calendar fields years, months, and days. A duration is also an amount of time measured in terms of seconds and nanoseconds. Negative periods are supported. What is the difference between a period and a duration? A duration represents an exact number of nanoseconds, whereas a period represents an inexact amount of time. A period is for humans what a duration is for machines.
Partial
Partials A partial is a date, time, or datetime that does not fully specify an instant on a timeline, but still makes sense to humans. With some more information, a partial may match multiple instants on the timeline.
Adjusting Dates
Sometimes you want to adjust a date and time to have a particular characteristic, for example, the first Monday of the month, the next Tuesday, etc. You can perform adjustments to a date and time using an instance of the TemporalAdjuster interface. The interface has one method, adjustInto(), that takes a Temporal and returns a Temporal.
Formatting
The most important point to keep in mind is that formatting and parsing are always performed by an object of the DateTimeFormatter class.
DateTimeApiDemo
import java.time.Duration;
import java.time.DayOfWeek;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
import java.time.format.DateTimeParseException;
import java.time.Instant;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.LocalTime;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.Month;
import java.time.MonthDay;
import java.time.OffsetDateTime;
import java.time.Period;
import java.time.temporal.Temporal;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalAdjusters;
import java.time.temporal.ChronoField;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalAccessor;
import java.time.Year;
import java.time.YearMonth;
import java.time.ZoneOffset;
import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
import java.time.ZoneId;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Set;
import static java.time.Month.JANUARY;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit.DAYS;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit.HOURS;
import static java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit.MINUTES;
public class DateTimeApiDemo {
public static String format(Temporal co, String pattern) {
DateTimeFormatter fmt = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(pattern, Locale.US);
return fmt.format(co);
}
public static void parseStr(DateTimeFormatter formatter, String text) {
try {
TemporalAccessor ta = formatter.parseBest(text, OffsetDateTime::from, LocalDateTime::from, LocalDate::from);
if (ta instanceof OffsetDateTime) {
OffsetDateTime odt = OffsetDateTime.from(ta);
System.out.println("OffsetDateTime: " + odt);
} else if (ta instanceof LocalDateTime) {
LocalDateTime ldt = LocalDateTime.from(ta);
System.out.println("LocalDateTime: " + ldt);
} else if (ta instanceof LocalDate) {
LocalDate ld = LocalDate.from(ta);
System.out.println("LocalDate: " + ld);
} else {
System.out.println("Parsing returned: " + ta);
}
} catch (DateTimeParseException e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Get current date, time, and datetime
LocalDate dateOnly = LocalDate.now(); // 2016-03-12
LocalTime timeOnly = LocalTime.now(); // 09:17:56.200
LocalDateTime dateTime = LocalDateTime.now(); // 2016-03-12T09:17:56.200
ZonedDateTime dateTimeWithZone = ZonedDateTime.now(); // 2016-03-12T09:17:56.202+11:00[Australia/Sydney]
// ofXXX() method
LocalDate ld1 = LocalDate.of(2012, 5, 2); // 2012-05-02
LocalDate ld2 = LocalDate.of(2012, Month.JULY, 4); // 2012-07-04
LocalDate ld3 = LocalDate.ofEpochDay(2002); // 1975-06-26
LocalDate ld4 = LocalDate.ofYearDay(2014, 40); // 2014-02-09
// The plusXXX( ) and minusXXX( ) Methods
LocalDate ld = LocalDate.of(2015, 5, 2); // 2015-05-02
LocalDate ldp1 = ld.plusDays(5); // 2015-05-07
LocalDate ldp2 = ld.plusMonths(3); // 2015-08-02
LocalDate ldp3 = ld.plusWeeks(3); // 2015-05-23
LocalDate ldm1 = ld.minusMonths(7); // 2014-10-02
LocalDate ldm2 = ld.minusWeeks(3); // 2015-04-11
// Instant
Instant i1 = Instant.ofEpochSecond(20); // i1:1970-01-01T00:00:20Z
Instant i2 = Instant.ofEpochSecond(55); // i2:1970-01-01T00:00:55Z
Duration d1 = Duration.ofSeconds(55);
Duration d2 = Duration.ofSeconds(-17);
// Compare instants
System.out.println("i1.isBefore(i2):" + i1.isBefore(i2)); // i1.isBefore(i2):true
System.out.println("i1.isAfter(i2):" + i1.isAfter(i2)); // i1.isAfter(i2):false
// Add and subtract durations to instants
Instant i3 = i1.plus(d1);
Instant i4 = i2.minus(d2);
System.out.println("i1.plus(d1):" + i3); // i1.plus(d1):1970-01-01T00:01:15Z
System.out.println("i2.minus(d2):" + i4); // i2.minus(d2):1970-01-01T00:01:12Z
// Add two durations
System.out.println("d1.plus(d2):" + d1.plus(d2)); // d1.plus(d2):PT38S
// Print All Zone Id
Set<String> zoneIds = ZoneId.getAvailableZoneIds();
for (String zoneId: zoneIds) {
System.out.println(zoneId);
}
// DayOfWeek
DayOfWeek dw1 = DayOfWeek.from(ld); // THURSDAY
// Chrono
LocalDateTime now = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println("Year: " + now.get(ChronoField.YEAR));
System.out.println("Month: " + now.get(ChronoField.MONTH_OF_YEAR));
System.out.println("Day: " + now.get(ChronoField.DAY_OF_MONTH));
System.out.println("Hour-of-day: " + now.get(ChronoField.HOUR_OF_DAY));
System.out.println("Hour-of-AMPM: " + now.get(ChronoField.HOUR_OF_AMPM));
System.out.println("AMPM-of-day: " + now.get(ChronoField.AMPM_OF_DAY));
Period p1 = Period.of(2, 3, 5); // 2 years, 3 months, and 5 days
Period p2 = Period.ofDays(25); // 25 days
Period p3 = Period.ofMonths(-3); // -3 months
Period p4 = Period.ofWeeks(3); // 3 weeks (21 days)
// Date Adjuster
LocalDate ld3 = ld1.with(TemporalAdjusters.next(DayOfWeek.MONDAY));
System.out.println(ld3);
ld3 = ld1.with(TemporalAdjusters.nextOrSame(DayOfWeek.TUESDAY));
System.out.println(ld3);
// Date Time Format
System.out.println(format(ld, "M/d/yyyy"));
System.out.println(format(ld, "MM/dd/yyyy"));
System.out.println(format(ld, "MMM dd, yyyy"));
System.out.println(format(ld, "MMMM dd, yyyy"));
System.out.println(format(ld, "EEEE, MMMM dd, yyyy"));
System.out.println(format(ld, "'Month' q 'in' QQQ"));
System.out.println(format(ld, "[MM-dd-yyyy][' at' HH:mm:ss]"));
// Parse date time
DateTimeFormatter parser = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy-MM-dd['T'HH:mm:ss[Z]]");
parseStr(parser, "2012-05-31"); // LocalDate: 2012-05-31
parseStr(parser, "2012-05-31T16:30:12"); // LocalDateTime: 2012-05-31T16:30:12
parseStr(parser, "2012-05-31T16:30:12-0500"); // OffsetDateTime: 2012-05-31T16:30:12-05:00
parseStr(parser, "2012-05-31Hello"); // Text '2012-05-31Hello' could not be parsed, unparsed text found at index 10
}
}